The Full Computing Booklet

print("Hello, World!")

print("My name is Amara")
print("I am in Year 9")
print(42)              # Numbers don't need quotes
print(3.14)           # Decimal (float)
print(10 + 5)         # Calculations work too!

# Creating variables
name = "Kofi"         # String (text)
age = 14             # Integer (whole number)
height = 1.72        # Float (decimal)
is_student = True    # Boolean (True or False)

print(name)
print(age)
print("Hello,", name, "— you are", age, "years old.")

name = input("What is your name? ")
print("Hello,", name, "!")

age = int(input("How old are you? "))  # int() converts text to number
print("Next year you will be", age + 1)

score = int(input("Enter your score: "))

if score >= 60:
    print("Pass! Well done 🎉")
else:
    print("Not quite — keep practising!")

score = int(input("Enter score (0-100): "))

if score >= 90:
    grade = "A*"
elif score >= 80:
    grade = "A"
elif score >= 70:
    grade = "B"
elif score >= 60:
    grade = "C"
else:
    grade = "Below pass"

print("Your grade:", grade)

age = int(input("Age: "))
has_ticket = input("Do you have a ticket? (yes/no): ")

if age >= 16 and has_ticket == "yes":
    print("Welcome! Enjoy the concert 🎵")
elif has_ticket != "yes":
    print("Sorry, you need a ticket.")
else:
    print("Sorry, you must be 16 or over.")

# Count from 0 to 4
for i in range(5):
    print("Count:", i)

# Count from 1 to 10 in steps of 2
for num in range(1, 11, 2):
    print(num)

# Count DOWN from 5 to 1
for i in range(5, 0, -1):
    print(i)

count = 1
while count <= 5:
    print("Lap", count)
    count += 1  # Same as count = count + 1
print("Race finished!")

password = "secret123"
attempt = ""
tries = 0

while attempt != password and tries < 3:
    attempt = input("Enter password: ")
    tries += 1

if attempt == password:
    print("Access granted! ✅")
else:
    print("Too many attempts. Locked! 🔒")

number = int(input("Which times table? "))

for i in range(1, 13):
    result = number * i
    if result % 2 == 0:   # % is modulo (remainder)
        print(number, "×", i, "=", result, "(even)")
    else:
        print(number, "×", i, "=", result, "(odd)")

name = "Computing"

# Concatenation (joining strings)
print("I love " + name + "!")

# Length
print(len(name))         # 9

# Indexing — first character is index 0
print(name[0])           # C
print(name[-1])          # g (last character)

# Slicing [start:stop] — stop is NOT included
print(name[0:4])         # Comp
print(name[4:])           # uting
print(name[::-1])         # gnitupmoC (reversed!)

text = "  Hello, World!  "

print(text.upper())       # HELLO, WORLD!
print(text.lower())       # hello, world!
print(text.strip())       # Removes spaces: "Hello, World!"
print(text.replace("World", "Python"))  # Hello, Python!
print(text.count("l"))   # 3
print("," in text)         # True

# Split into a list of words
words = "one two three".split()
print(words)               # ['one', 'two', 'three']

name = "James"
score = 87
grade = "A"

# Old way (messy):
print("Hello " + name + ", you scored " + str(score) + ", grade: " + grade)

# New way with f-string (clean!):
print(f"Hello {name}, you scored {score}, grade: {grade}")
print(f"Double your score: {score * 2}")  # Can do maths inside {}

# Creating a list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "mango"]
scores = [85, 72, 91, 68, 77]

# Accessing by index (starts at 0)
print(fruits[0])    # apple
print(fruits[-1])   # mango (last item)
print(len(fruits))  # 4

# Modifying a list
fruits[1] = "blueberry"   # Replace banana
fruits.append("orange")    # Add to end
fruits.remove("cherry")   # Remove by value
print(fruits)

scores = [85, 72, 91, 68, 77]

# Method 1: loop through values directly
for score in scores:
    print(f"Score: {score}")

# Method 2: loop with index using enumerate
for i, score in enumerate(scores):
    print(f"Student {i+1}: {score}")

# Useful list operations
print("Total:", sum(scores))
print("Average:", sum(scores) / len(scores))
print("Highest:", max(scores))
print("Lowest:", min(scores))

def linear_search(lst, target):
    for i in range(len(lst)):
        if lst[i] == target:
            return i   # Return the index where found
    return -1             # -1 means not found

numbers = [15, 3, 42, 7, 19]
result = linear_search(numbers, 42)

if result != -1:
    print(f"Found at index {result}")
else:
    print("Not found")

# PROCEDURE — does something, returns nothing
def greet(name):
    print(f"Hello, {name}! Welcome to TheShelf.")

greet("Amara")    # Call the procedure
greet("James")

# FUNCTION — does something AND returns a value
def calculate_area(width, height):
    area = width * height
    return area    # Sends the result back

room_area = calculate_area(5, 8)
print(f"Area: {room_area} m²")

# Parameters with default values
def power(base, exponent=2):   # default exponent is 2
    return base ** exponent

print(power(3))        # 3² = 9
print(power(2, 10))    # 2¹⁰ = 1024
print(power(5, 3))    # 5³ = 125

total = 100   # Global variable — accessible everywhere

def add_to_total(amount):
    local_result = total + amount  # Can READ global
    return local_result             # local_result only exists inside here

print(add_to_total(50))  # 150
# print(local_result)   # ERROR! Can't access local variable outside function

# A complete quiz game using all key concepts

def ask_question(question, correct_answer):
    """Ask a question and return True if correct."""
    answer = input(question + " ").strip().lower()
    if answer == correct_answer.lower():
        print("✅ Correct!")
        return True
    else:
        print(f"❌ Wrong — the answer was: {correct_answer}")
        return False

# Question bank — list of [question, answer] pairs
questions = [
    ["What does CPU stand for?", "central processing unit"],
    ["How many bits in a byte?", "8"],
    ["What does RAM stand for?", "random access memory"],
    ["What is binary? (base-? number system)", "base-2"],
]

score = 0
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(f"\nWelcome, {name}! Let's test your computing knowledge.\n")

for i, q in enumerate(questions):
    print(f"Question {i+1}/{len(questions)}:")
    if ask_question(q[0], q[1]):
        score += 1
    print()

percentage = round(score / len(questions) * 100)
print(f"--- Results for {name} ---")
print(f"Score: {score}/{len(questions)} ({percentage}%)")

if percentage >= 75:
    print("🏆 Excellent work!")
elif percentage >= 50:
    print("👍 Good effort — keep revising!")
else:
    print("📚 Review your notes and try again!")

def bubble_sort(data):
    n = len(data)
    passes = 0
    swaps = 0

    for i in range(n - 1):
        passes += 1
        swapped = False

        for j in range(n - 1 - i):
            if data[j] > data[j + 1]:
                data[j], data[j + 1] = data[j + 1], data[j]
                swapped = True
                swaps += 1

        print(f"After pass {passes}: {data}")

        if not swapped:    # Optimisation: stop if no swaps
            print("No swaps — already sorted! Stopping early.")
            break

    print(f"\nSorted: {data}")
    print(f"Total passes: {passes}, Total swaps: {swaps}")
    return data

my_list = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11]
bubble_sort(my_list)

def get_grade(score):
    if score >= 90: return "A*"
    elif score >= 80: return "A"
    elif score >= 70: return "B"
    elif score >= 60: return "C"
    else: return "U"

def display_report(students):
    print("\n{'='*40}")
    print(f"{'Name':15} {'Score':8} {'Grade'}")
    print("-" * 30)
    for s in students:
        print(f"{s['name']:15} {s['score']:8} {s['grade']}")
    scores = [s['score'] for s in students]
    print(f"\nClass average: {sum(scores)/len(scores):.1f}")
    print(f"Highest: {max(scores)} | Lowest: {min(scores)}")

# Main program
students = []
print("=== Student Grade Manager ===")

while True:
    name = input("\nEnter student name (or 'done' to finish): ")
    if name.lower() == "done":
        break
    score = int(input(f"Enter {name}'s score (0-100): "))
    grade = get_grade(score)
    students.append({"name": name, "score": score, "grade": grade})
    print(f"Added: {name} — {score} ({grade})")

if students:
    display_report(students)